Antalya

Museums

Most of the museums in Antalya Province are within the city of Antalya and Alanya. There are 11 museums in the province, run by various institutions.

In Antalya's museums you can find important objects, especially from antiquity, and from periods up to the founding years of the Republic in Turkey. Taken in historical order, the museums, from the Antalya Museum to the Alanya Atatürk House Museum, hold works that shed light on Antalya's history. In addition, the Kaleiçi Museum and the Alanya Kızılkule Ethnography Museum serve as ethnography museums.

In the province, the Antalya Museum, the Alanya Archaeology Museum and the Side Museum show their visitors works from antiquity; the İçkale Museum in Alanya shows works from the Seljuk period; and the Antalya Atatürk Museum and the Alanya Atatürk House Museum show works from the period of the Republic of Turkey.

Apart from these museums, the Antalya Toy Museum, a thematic museum, is also the second largest toy museum in Turkey.

Plans to set up city museums, which have recently begun to spread in Turkey, have also started to be put into practice in Antalya. The Antalya City Museum is currently in the metropolitan municipality building, with part of it serving as an open-air museum.

Archaeological sites and historic remains

There are countless archaeological sites in the province. Some of the valuable works discovered at them are displayed in the Antalya Museum, and the buildings are kept open to visitors.

Karain Mağarası, 30 km north of Antalya, was continuously inhabited by people in the Palaeolithic, Neolithic, Chalcolithic and protohistoric ages such as the Early Bronze Age, and in the classical age. Karain Mağarası is one of the oldest settlements in human history.

The gate of Antalya Castle (now called Kaleiçi) was built in Roman times in honour of the Emperor Hadrian's visit to the city and was used by various civilisations over the following centuries.

Termessos, whose founding date is not exactly known, entered the stage of history when Alexander the Great besieged the city in 333 BC and the Termessians put up a strong defence and did not surrender the city.

The remains of Perge, one of the ancient cities of Pamphylia founded in Antalya by Greek migrations in the 12th century BC, have survived to the present day. The ancient city of Aspendos, dating from the 10th century BC, and the Aspendos theatre built in this city in the 2nd century AD are in the province's Serik District.

Simena, in Demre District, is one of Turkey's rare settlements that can only be reached by sea. The ancient city of Simena, within the 260 km² Kekova Special Environmental Protection Area set up to protect the natural, cultural and geographical values on Kekova Island and the surrounding coasts, is registered as a first-degree archaeological site.

At Myra, in Demre, the rock tombs, Lycian inscriptions and coins show that the city existed at least from the 5th century BC.

In the ancient city of Side, in the theatre dated to the 2nd century AD, the orchestra must have been surrounded by a high wall in the 3rd century AD and turned into an arena. Although remains of waterproof plaster on the wall suggest that it may also have been turned into a pool, this does not seem technically possible. It is known that in the 5th century AD chapels were built inside the theatre and that it was also used as a sacred place (an open-air church) in the Early Christian period.

At Patara, whose name appears as Patar in Hittite texts of the 13th century BC, pottery fragments found on the Tepecik Acropolis show Middle Bronze Age features, while a pre-Iron Age stone axe found at the foot of the eastern slope of Tepecik shows how far back Patara's history goes.

Olympos, one of the 13 ancient cities, although its exact founding date is not known, is named on Lycian League coins minted in 167–168 BC. It is one of the 6 cities with three votes in the Lycian League.

Alanya Castle, which has been continuously inhabited throughout history because it is hard to reach by sea and land and is naturally protected, is one of the best-preserved medieval castles still standing among the hundreds of castles that adorn Anatolia.

Music

The main stringed instruments of the traditional folk music of the Antalya area are the bağlama and the cümbüş; the main wind instruments are types of sipsi, zurna and kaval; and the main percussion instruments are the davul and the def. The folk dances of the Antalya area, together with those danced in the neighbouring provinces of Burdur, Isparta, Muğla and Mersin, have a regional character called "Teke Folklore". In this region the influence of the Yörüks is strong in folk dances, as in music.

In the districts east of Antalya, the Konya kaşık havası, Boğaz havaları, Serenler Zeybeği, Anamur Yolları, Silifke'nin Yoğurdu and Cezayir havaları are played. These dances are danced singly or in groups.

According to those who dance it and those who live in the area, the Teke Zortlatması got its name because it imitates the movements of the male goat, called teke. Zortlatma means jumping, hopping. The dance's figures, such as skipping, walking away with a quick turn backwards and fleeing, resisting and sudden fearful leaps, closely resemble the goat's movements. The most distinctive element of the Teke Zortlatması is the 9/16 derivative of the form of the 9/8 metre known in art music as aksak and raks aksağı.

The zeybek is also a common dance in the area. Danced both lively and slow, 9 different types of zeybek are played and danced around Antalya.

History of Antalya Province

Antalya, in the Mediterranean Region and also the cradle of tourism in Turkey, is a province of great importance for its past. Because it lies in the south-west of the Mediterranean, has favourable living conditions, sits on a transit route and is by the sea, it is a region where many civilisations settled.

Archaeological excavations have proved that people lived in Antalya and its region 40,000 years ago. Since 2000 BC the region came, in turn, under the rule of city states such as the Hittites, Pamphylia, Lycia and Cilicia, and of the Persians, Alexander the Great and his successors the Antigonids, the Ptolemies and the Seleucids, and the Kingdom of Pergamon. Later the Roman State ruled. Antalya's name in antiquity was Pamphylia, and the cities founded here lived their golden age especially in the 2nd and 3rd centuries. Towards the 5th century they lost their former splendour.

While the area was under the rule of the Eastern Romans, known in Turkey as the Byzantines, it was added to Turkish lands by the Seljuks in 1207. In the period of the Anatolian Beyliks it came under the rule of the Hamitoğulları, a branch of the Teke tribe. The Teke Turkmens are also one of the largest tribes by population in today's Turkmenistan, the old homeland of the Turks. Some of them came here in the 11th century. The Lakes Region, which today covers the north of Antalya and parts of Isparta and Burdur, is also called the Teke area. In Ottoman times the centre of the Teke sanjak, part of the Anatolia eyalet, was today's provincial centre of Antalya. In those years this area was called the Teke sanjak. The province's present name is in fact a slightly changed form of its ancient name and was given in the Republican period.

The famous Ottoman traveller Evliya Çelebi, who came to Antalya in the second half of the 17th century, notes that there were four neighbourhoods and three thousand houses inside the castle and 24 neighbourhoods outside it. The city's bazaar was outside the castle. According to Evliya Çelebi, its harbour was large enough to take 200 ships. Antalya, administratively the centre of the Teke Sanjak attached to Konya, was made an independent sanjak in the last years of the Ottoman Empire.

Civilisations that lived in Antalya

Antalya in the Hittite period

When the Hittite State, which achieved the first political unity in Anatolia, was founded, writing had only recently come to Anatolia. The Hittite state, founded in the middle of Anatolia, at first passed silently and darkly for Antalya. The region's entry onto the stage of history begins with the Hittite kings' campaigns to Western Anatolia. It has been learned from the "Annals" of the Hittite King Hattusili III, who reigned from 1267 to 1237 BC, that old geographical names within today's Antalya provincial borders, such as Perge, Kesros and Patara, date from the Hittite age. The appearance of Patara as "Pataf" in a Hittite hieroglyphic inscription at Yalburt in Konya is one of the finds that strengthen this picture. What this shows is that the Hittites extended as far as the Mediterranean coast, which they called the "Lukka Lands".

Greek mythology tells that during the migration of the Sea Peoples, which caused the collapse of the Hittite Empire, some Achaeans migrated to this region. Although it is said that after the Trojan Wars some Achaean tribes came to Pamphylia under Amphilochus, Calchas and Mopsus and founded Perge, Sillyon, Aspendos and Selge, the latest scientific data show that these cities were founded by the native people of the area. This is also clear from the names Parha for Perge, Estvedüs for Aspendos, Estlegiis for Selge and Selyuüs for Sillyon.

Ancient Greek sources mention that before the Pamphylians settled in the region in the 7th century BC, the Rhodians and Dorians colonised the Kumluca and Phaselis (Çıralı) area for a short period. The city of Rhodiopolis near Kumluca is considered evidence of this.

Antalya in the Lycian and Pamphylian period

Antalya Province takes in the south-eastern tip of western Pamphylia and eastern Lycia, among the ancient regions of history.

Although the origins of the Lycians, who settled within the western borders of today's Antalya, are debated, Hittite and Ancient Egyptian sources (2000 BC) mention a people called the Lukki or Lukka. This people very probably belonged to the Lycian nation, known for its kinship with the Luwians, their powerful neighbours on our Mediterranean coast, who called themselves the "Termili".

Most of the Pamphylia region, whose borders are much debated, lies within today's Antalya. Because of its name, which literally means "the land where people of all peoples live", "the land of races", many peoples are thought to have lived together in Pamphylia. An oracle inscription found in the city of Suedra says: "you Pamphylians of Suedra, who live in the land of mixed nations…"; this inscription also gives us information about the city's social structure.

According to the methods of comparative linguistics, the Pamphylian Hellenes formed one of the oldest Hellenic groups in Anatolia. Some of the linguistic features of the Mycenaeans and Dorians are found in their language. For this reason it is accepted that they migrated to Anatolia at the beginning of the 1st millennium BC. They mixed with the people they met in Anatolia and were influenced by their beliefs and various cultural features.

There are not many documents about the early history not only of these Hellenes but of the other peoples living in Pamphylia in general.

In conclusion, it is clear from studies dealing mainly with peoples and cultures from the earliest times to the Roman Imperial age that the study of antiquity in the region has not yet reached saturation. There are many questions to be answered, especially for the pre-Roman phase. Language studies play a large part in clarifying them. The city of Antalya is the city where the most written documents have been found in all of Anatolia. In this respect the Antalya region is an important centre for the study of history, language and archaeology. New discoveries are frequent. In recent years written evidence of a new language, of which no examples had been found before, has been discovered in the Köprüçayı direction. These finds show that the study of the region has much deeper dimensions than was thought.

Antalya in the Pergamene, Roman and Byzantine periods

During the 5th–7th centuries AD, when Christianity spread rapidly in Anatolia, Pamphylia and Lycia kept their importance as Eastern Roman provinces and even saw building work approaching that of their brilliant age in the 2nd century AD. In the middle of the 7th century the constant raids and attacks of the Arabs did great damage to both regions, and the Eastern Romans, wanting to prevent this, set up a special fleet to protect the region. After the Roman Empire had firmly established its rule over the region, some strategic places or cities lived on as small monastic communities during the rule of the Eastern Roman Empire.

It is known that the first walls on the site where Antalya stands today, built in the time of Attalus II, were also raised in this period. In AD 130 the Roman emperor Hadrian had the Hadrian Kapısı built during his Antalya expedition and had the eastern part of the walls repaired.

In addition, the plundering of Rhodian, Venetian and Genoese pirates, the attacks of the kings of Cyprus, the looting during the Crusades and earthquakes wore down the region's cities as well as its economic strength. At this time the Rhodians and Genoese in particular set up bases on suitable coasts for protection and attack. Because of its strategic position on the western Mediterranean coast as an important harbour, Antalya was exposed to constant invasions from the time it was founded.

Antalya in the Seljuk period

Antalya, which had strong defensive possibilities because of its location, passed into Turkish hands at the end of the 11th century. After the First Crusade in 1097 the city had again come into Byzantine hands. The Turks came right up to Antalya in the first half of the 12th century and began to be influential in the area. Crusader writers who came here during the Second Crusade in 1148 state that the Turks came close to the city and that, for this reason, the people could not sow their fertile fields. So the people of the city met their need for food by sea.

After the Battle of Myriokephalon in 1176, the Turks began to make Anatolia their homeland. At this time Kılıç Arslan II was working to give his state strong foundations. For this, Kılıç Arslan II sent his sons to various parts of Anatolia. His youngest son, Gıyaseddin Keyhüsrev, was sent as melik to the castle at Borgulu (today's Uluborlu), which he had conquered around 1180, and its surroundings. Kılıç Arslan II besieged Antalya in 1182 but could not take the city.

On 5 March 1207 Antalya passed into Seljuk hands. Immediately after the city was taken over, arrangements were made, a shipyard was built and the centre of the administration in Uluborlu to the north was moved to Antalya. However, the first Seljuk rule in Antalya was quite short. The Seljuks, who had no experience of a city that could get help from the sea, lost the city when the Christians attacked the Turks at the time of Friday prayers and massacred most of them. There are two views on the reasons for this loss of Antalya. The first is that the city was lost after the death of Gıyaseddin Keyhüsrev (1211) and during the Seljuk princes' struggle for the throne; the second is the possibility that the city fell when Ertokuş, commander of the Antalya area, went with his frontier troops to take part in the conquest of Sinop in 1214, leaving the city militarily weak.

The Seljuk sultan İzzeddin Keykavus launched another great campaign. The city was reconquered by the Turks on 22 January 1216. To ensure the Turks' safety, a protective wall was built dividing the city's residential area in two. Inscriptions stating the reasons for this conquest and how it took place were put on it. According to this wall dividing the city in two, the western part was to be the area of the Turks and Muslims, and the eastern part that of the Christians and locals. However, ten years later Antalya saw another great building programme not reflected in the sources of the time. A new wall was built about 100 metres east of the old wall. According to the inscriptions on it, the first reason for this construction in 1225 was to allow new Turkish settlement in the city. The second reason is thought to have been to protect the harbour.

In these years Alâeddin Keykubat conquered Alaiye (Alanya) and carried out important building works there. With the taking of Alaiye (today's Alanya), the Seljuks needed to set up a naval unit, a fleet, in the Mediterranean. The shipyard operated or created in Antalya made possible the formation of the first Turkish naval presence. Immediately afterwards, building of a shipyard began in Alaiye too, and Turkish naval power in the Mediterranean was formed. To fully ensure the security of the Antalya shipyard, a new arrangement was started inside the city in 1225. Alâeddin Keykubad had strengthened the city's defences on the sea side. In 1243 Gıyaseddin Keyhüsrev II, who had lost the Battle of Kösedağ, this time strengthened the defences on the land side with a bastion he had built in 1244. The citadel of Antalya castle, Ahmedek, which had been on the eastern side of the harbour, was moved to the north-west of the Turkish quarter (today's Tophane).

In later years too, Antalya remained one of the winter capitals of the Seljuk sultans. It was sometimes even preferred as a safe place against the Mongols coming from the east. Antalya was very active as a place trading to the south with Egypt and the Eastern Mediterranean (the area around Damascus). The sources of the time mention it on various occasions. For example, Adalya is mentioned in the Saltukname. Although Mevlana speaks of there being many Christians here, it is thought that he meant "many" compared with the other cities of Central Anatolia. For, judging by the residential areas within the city, the Christians did not have an overwhelming majority at all. Nevertheless, there were also Franks in the city, and trade was carried on with European countries.

Antalya in the period of the Anatolian Turkish Beyliks

In the last years of the Anatolian Seljuk State (after 1300), when it came under the influence of the Ilkhanids and was left with no authority or influence, the tribal frontier lords on its western edge gathered and began to found beyliks. At this time the Turkmens forming a branch of the Teke tribe, who had been settled around Yalvaç, Borlu and Eğirdir by the Anatolian Seljuks at the beginning of the 13th century, declared their independence at the end of the 13th century in the lakes basin they ruled, under the leadership of Feleküddîn Dündar Bey, grandson of Hamid Bey and son of İlyas Bey, and founded the Hamidoğulları Beylik, making first Uluborlu and later Eğirdir its centre.

Dündar Bey, who expanded his country's borders southwards immediately after its foundation, took Gölhisar and Korkuteli, and later captured Antalya in 1301 after the Bey of Antalya, who had gone out to tour parts of the country, was taken prisoner. Dündar Bey extended the borders of the Hamidoğulları Beylik as far as Germiyan and Denizli and gave Antalya to the administration of his brother Yunus Bey. In this way the Hamidoğulları Beylik was divided in two, Eğirdir and Antalya.

Antalya in the Ottoman period

There are differences between the borders of today's Antalya Province and the administrative situation of the Ottoman State here in the 15th and 16th centuries. In these centuries this region roughly contained the Alaiye and Teke Sanjaks.

Antalya, which often changed hands because it lay on trade routes, was of very great importance in the Seljuk period with its shipyard and harbour. Important trade was carried on between Seljuk-ruled Antalya and Cyprus, and it became one of the Seljuks' most important trading centres. At the end of the 13th century and the beginning of the 14th, it passed into the hands of the Antalya branch of the Hamidoğulları, or the Tekeoğulları. Under the Tekeoğulları, peace and development continued, and building and cultural activities increased.

Although Antalya and its surroundings fell for a time into the hands of the Cypriots during the Tekeoğulları period, Mehmed Bey, or Teke Bey, managed to take it back. The Teke land held by the Tekeoğulları Beylik passed into Ottoman hands between 1390 and 1393, and Ottoman rule thus began. While the Teke land was in Ottoman hands, it was attacked by the Karamanids and occasionally by some European states. After passing into Ottoman hands, Antalya was attached to the Anatolia eyalet. Antalya was also, for a time, one of the Ottoman sanjaks governed by a prince. For example, Prince Korkut served as governor here for eight years, from 1502 to 1511. Antalya's Korkuteli District also takes its name from Prince Korkut's rule in this area. Under Ottoman administration there were no important events in this area apart from the Şahkulu Rebellion that broke out in 1511, the suhte (medrese student) uprisings of the 16th century and the Körbey rebellion. However, as a result of these uprisings there were large deportations to newly conquered islands such as Modon and Koron, and large migrations to Iran took place. In addition, some who behaved badly were deported in later years, that is, with the conquest of Cyprus, to settle and develop the island. Events of this kind affected the area's political, social and cultural make-up and its population.

Geographical position and historical circumstances in particular played an important role in the founding of the Teke Sanjak. Its location on important trade routes since ancient times also contributed to the development of this sanjak. When this region came under Ottoman rule, it was attached to the Anatolia eyalet and remained so until the 19th century. As a result of the administrative reorganisation that began with the proclamation of the Tanzimat, the Teke Sanjak was attached to the Karaman eyalet, and with the Provincial Regulation (Vilayet Nizamnamesi) of 1865 to Konya vilayet. In this period the Teke Sanjak had five kazas, including Antalya, Akseki, Alaiye and Kızılkaya. As a result, Alanya, previously a sanjak, and its kazas were attached to the Teke Sanjak. According to the records of 1890, the Teke Sanjak consisted of the Antalya kaza, with the nahiyes of İstanos, Bucak, Kızılkaya, Beşkonak, Millü, İğdir and Serik; the Akseki kaza, with the nahiye of İbradı; the Elmalı kaza, with the nahiye of Finike; and the Kaş kaza. In 1902 the Teke Sanjak was made up of the Antalya, Akseki, Alaiye, Elmalı and Kaş kazas, with 11 nahiyes and 524 villages. Later, further arrangements were made, leading to the present day. In the last period of the Ottoman State, Antalya separated from Konya and became an independent sanjak.

Antalya in the period of the National Struggle

1919 was one of the darkest years of the Turkish Nation. Only three per cent of those who went to the First World War had come back. And they were armless, legless, sick or blind. All the forces that could hold out were exhausted. With the Armistice of Mudros signed after the war, Antalya and its surroundings had been given to the Kingdom of Italy. In this period the occupiers were invading Anatolia as they pleased; Anatolian ports were filled with the ships of the Entente Powers, and on land the Entente Powers were emptying military schools, demolishing and burning military offices and roaming the districts and villages.

In the Antalya area, a group of the city's notables decided to meet at the house of Yörük Ali Efe to protect Antalya against the danger that the Antalya Greeks, if they received even a little help from outside, would rise in rebellion and the country would be surrendered to the Entente forces; however, no result came of the meetings. Some time later, news that regional defence societies had been founded in various parts of Anatolia, and the news coming from Samsun on 19 May 1919, brought the idea of founding a defence society in Antalya back onto the agenda.

Antalya in the period of the Republic of Turkey

After 29 October 1923, Antalya saw many changes, as did the whole country. The area, a sanjak in the Ottoman period, became a province with the Republican period. The population of the province, which grew on a small scale in 1923–50, and especially that of the provincial centre, began to receive heavy migration after 1950.

In Antalya the period 1950–60 was a time when, with the start of industrialisation, population growth through migration from the countryside to the city was seen, and as a result there were efforts to build a city that would meet the needs of people who came for better jobs, better working conditions, rest and housing. The social, cultural and physical changes that migration, which would keep increasing after 1950, would create in the city also slowly began in this period. In 1960–70 the spatial effects of urbanisation began to be seen in the city. This period is important as the time when a new form of settlement began, bringing differentiation in production and leading to socio-economic and cultural change. Between 1960 and 1965 the Kalekapısı bazaar formed, and between 1965 and 1970 commercial functions still in use today took their place south of the street between Kalekapısı and the Municipal business block (Belediye işhanı). In the 1970s the Vakıf İşhanı was built. When Antalya, a city with high natural and cultural resource potential, was designated a priority area for tourism in 1969, its planning and investment priority increased. The 1960–70 period was a time when Antalya was caught unprepared for the social, cultural and spatial changes arising from rapid population growth and urbanisation.

From 1974 onwards, with the declaration of Antalya's southern part as a tourism area and the start of infrastructure work, the completion of the harbour construction, the increase in airport capacity, the implementation of the old harbour and Kaleiçi project, the building of the Fethiye–Kaş road and Antalya taking on the role of a very important tourist centre for the whole country, the city was built up in an irregular way from the 1970s to the end of the 1990s. Especially from the end of the 1990s, Antalya received more migration than in the previous period, which damaged the city's natural fabric, increased the demand for housing and made the city more crowded.

Where does Antalya Province get its name?

Antalya, meaning "Land of Attalus", was founded by Attalus II. The city, which remained independent for a while after the end of the Kingdom of Pergamon (133 BC), later fell into the hands of pirates. In 77 BC it was added to Roman territory by the commander Servilius Isauricus. In 67 BC it became a base for Pompey's fleet. In AD 130 Hadrian's visit to Attaleia brought about the city's development. Attaleia, which appears as a bishopric during Byzantine rule, developed greatly after passing into Turkish hands. Because the modern city was built on top of the ancient settlement, very few ancient remains are found in Antalya. The first of the visible remains are part of the harbour breakwater, described as the old harbour, and the wall surrounding the harbour. The Hadrian Kapısı, restored in the part of the walls outside the park, is one of Antalya's most beautiful ancient works.

In antiquity, the city of Antalya and its surroundings were called Pamphylia, meaning "very fertile", and its western part Lycia. From the 8th century BC, people migrating from the western shores of the Aegean founded cities here such as Aspendos and Side. The Pergamene king Attalus II, who reigned in the middle of the 2nd century, besieged Side. Unable to take Side, about 75 km east of Antalya, the king came to where the provincial centre is now and founded a city. It was named after him and called Attaleia. Over time some called it Atalia or Adalya. Antalya comes from his name.

You can reach Antalya quickly by plane. Many airlines have direct flights to Antalya. There are also departures almost every hour from intercity bus terminals. Another way to get to Antalya is by sea bus.

Tourism, trade and agriculture lead Antalya's economy, and industry is also among the activities that have developed recently. Apart from these, business activity also continues in Antalya in less popular branches such as livestock farming and mining.

Trade

The trade sector in Antalya, which had stayed at a certain level until the 1970s, saw various movements after that date. With the tourism boom of the 1980s, accommodation and leisure facilities and luxury shops of various kinds opened. As the use of technology spread, production in agriculture and industry increased, and the commercial market became very lively.

The most influential trade organisation in Antalya is the Antalya Chamber of Commerce and Industry (ATSO). The other organisations as important as ATSO, which has more than 10,000 members, are the Antalya Commodity Exchange and the Antalya Exporters' Association.

The trade sector in Antalya carries significant weight, making up 34% of total income. 67% of Antalya's exports and 60% of its imports are with member countries of the European Union.

Antalya Free Trade Zone

Since the law allowing free trade zones in Turkey was passed in 1985, 21 free trade zones have been set up in Turkey. The Antalya Free Trade Zone, the second of them, began operating on 14 November 1987. The Antalya Free Trade Zone, now operating on an area of 607,130 m², is within the borders of Antalya's Konyaaltı municipality.

By decision of the Council of Ministers, the operation of the Antalya Free Trade Zone was given to the private sector. For this purpose, 36% went to the public sector and the remaining 64% to ASBAŞ (Antalya Free Zone Operator Inc.).

Industry

Although Antalya is Turkey's 10th province by level of development, it is below the Turkish average in industry. The main reason is that tourism and agriculture come first in Antalya. Also, thanks to these two economic activities, Antalya is one of the regions that has not experienced conditions such as the air pollution created by industrialisation.

As a result of industrialisation efforts that began in the 1950s with the Sümerbank and Antbirlik plants, there are about 200 firms with an industrial registration in Antalya, 63 of which are under the control of the Antalya Organised Industrial Zone. The Antalya Cotton Weaving Factory, founded in 1961 as one of Antalya's first industrial establishments and which gave the name Dokuma to the area where it was built, stopped operating on 17 November 2004. Apart from the Organised Industrial Zone in Döşemealtı and the Free Zone in Konyaaltı, there are three industrial estates in the centre of Antalya: the Akdeniz Sanayi Sitesi, the Yeşil Antalya Sanayi Sitesi and the Sanayi Çarşısı, the oldest industrial estate in Antalya.

While the share of the industrial sector in gross product is 28% across Turkey, in Antalya it is around 7%. The share of industry in the national income of Antalya Province remains at only 4.3%.

Antalya Organised Industrial Zone (AOSB)

Construction of the Antalya Organised Industrial Zone began in 1976 with the approval of the Council of Ministers; it was set up because Antalya needed industrial investment to support the tourism sector, and its aims are to prepare and maintain all the infrastructure needed for industry on land unsuitable for agriculture and tourism, to arrange the social activity areas and facilities needed by workers, and to ensure quality and continuity of service at all times.

The Antalya Organised Industrial Zone was completed after one year and two months and began operating on an area of 370 hectares. Six years after it was set up, an error was found concerning the land it was built on, and its operating area was reduced by 310 hectares to 60 hectares, but in 1998 this problem was overcome and it continued operating on an area of 370 hectares again. In 2005 it took in 294 hectares around it and spread over an area of 664 hectares.

The Organised Industrial Zone, at the 26th kilometre of the Antalya–Burdur road, has three entrance gates in all, 2 on the west and 1 on the east. In the Antalya Organised Industrial Zone, which has an occupancy rate of 84.86%, 208 plots have been allocated to 179 firms.

Agriculture

With the Antalya Plain, Antalya Province has an important place in Turkish agriculture in terms of agricultural potential and ecological suitability. Agriculture is carried out on one fifth of Antalya's land.

If we divide Antalya's farming areas into the coastal part and the parts away from the coast, the coastal part can grow tropical plants such as oranges, bananas and avocados and is also suitable for greenhouse farming. In the parts away from the coast, cold-resistant fruit such as apples, pears and quinces can be grown. Tomatoes, cucumbers and oranges are the most widely grown crops.

With annual vegetable production of 3,368,357 tonnes, Antalya Province provides 13.4% of Turkey's production; with 1,011,917 tonnes of fruit, it provides 6.06% of Turkey's production. Taking other crop items into account, Antalya meets 4.41% of Turkey's annual agricultural needs.

The agricultural sector, which has gone through a process parallel to the city's rapid development, has also undergone deep changes in its own structure. While three quarters of the population made a living from agriculture in 1970, this share fell to 49% in 2000.

Livestock

Livestock farming is not a very widespread economic activity in the city of Antalya. Sheep and goat farming is more common in the villages attached to the centre, because the terrain is suitable for small livestock. Antalya's 509,335 sheep and goats are 1.7% of the country's animals. Cattle farming is mostly carried out in the high areas outside the city centre. Antalya's 120,016 cattle are 1.1% of the animals in Turkey. Although poultry farming in Antalya exceeds sheep, goat and cattle farming in number of animals, it amounts to 0.24% of poultry farming in Turkey.

Beekeeping in Antalya is carried out as migratory beekeeping. The number of hives in the province corresponds to 2.4% of Turkey's. Sericulture is the livestock item in which Antalya contributes most to the country's economy. Accordingly, the 905 boxes opened each year are 16% of Turkey's production.

Fishing

Although Antalya is a coastal city, its fishing activity and yield are below the Turkish average. Its total annual production of trout, sea bream and sea bass is 1.36% of the country's production. In addition, under the Turkish Inland Waters Fish Stocking Project, implemented with a 2005 circular, work is being done to increase fish varieties at the Kepez Aquaculture Production Station north of the city centre.

The city has 197 registered sports clubs and 58,395 athletes, of whom 7,443 are active. These clubs are active in many sports, especially football, basketball, handball, volleyball, athletics, wrestling, judo, karate, taekwondo, tennis, table tennis, water polo and swimming.

Football

Antalyaspor

Football holds a very important place in Antalya. Antalyaspor, nicknamed the Akrepler (Scorpions), is the city's only top-flight team. Antalyaspor has competed in the Spor Toto Süper Lig since the 2008–09 season. It plays its matches at the 7,083-capacity Akdeniz University Stadium, one of Turkey's floodlit stadiums.

Antalyaspor has never been champion of the Turkish 1st League (Süper Lig), and it finished its best season, 1998–99, in 6th place with 49 points. In 2009–10 it finished the league with the same points but a goal difference of +11, breaking its old record. In 1999–00 it played the Turkish Cup final against Galatasaray. Its best result in European competition is the 1st round of the UEFA Cup in the 2000–01 season.

Of the city's other professional football teams, Alanyaspor competes in the Spor Toto 2nd League, and Manavgat Evrensekispor and Tekirova Belediyespor in the Spor Toto 3rd League.

The city's only women's football team, 1207 Antalyaspor, competes in the Women's 2nd League.

Basketball

Antalya Büyükşehir Belediyesi Basketbol Kulübü

Basketball has grown in importance in Antalya in recent years. Basketball in the city gained a new lease of life when the Antalya Büyükşehir Belediyesi Basketball Club won the Turkish Basketball 2nd League in the 2006/07 season and was promoted to the Beko Basketball League. The Antalya Büyükşehir Belediyesi basketball team has continued to compete in the Beko Basketball League since the 2007–08 season. It plays its matches at the 2,500-capacity Antalya Atatürk Sports Hall.

In 2008–2010 the city's other team, Kepez Belediyespor, also competed in the Beko Basketball League. Kepez Belediyespor now competes in the Turkish Men's Regional Basketball League.

The city's only wheelchair basketball team, that of the Antalya Büyükşehir Belediyesi Basketball Club, competes in the Turkish Wheelchair Basketball Super League.

Handball

The Muratpaşa Belediye women's handball team won its first Super League, Turkish Cup and Super Cup titles in 2012. It competes in the Turkish Women's Handball Super League.

The city's other women's handball teams, the Antalya Telekom women's handball team and the Sakızoğlu 1960 Sümerspor women's handball team, compete in the Women's Handball 1st League B Division.

The Antalyaspor men's handball team is Antalyaspor's handball team competing in the Turkish Men's Handball Super League. Following a decision taken in August 2012, the Antalyaspor board decided to set up a men's handball team within the club. In line with an earlier decision of the Turkish Handball Federation, the Antalyaspor board applied to the federation under the rule that teams whose professional football team has competed in the men's Süper Lig are entitled to compete directly in the Turkish Men's Handball Super League, and the club's application was accepted by the federation on 29.08.2012, admitting it to the Turkish Men's Handball Super League. The team is competing in the Turkish Men's Handball Super League for the first time in the 2012–2013 season. Because the Antalyaspor professional football team plays its matches at the Akdeniz University Stadium, the Antalyaspor board built a bridge of friendship with the Akdeniz University administration, and it was decided that the handball team would also play its matches at the Akdeniz University BESYO Sports Hall. The Akdeniz University men's handball team, relegated from the Turkish Men's Handball Super League in the 2011–2012 season, dissolved itself and joined the Antalyaspor men's handball team.

Volleyball

The Antalya Büyükşehir Belediyesi Sports Club women's volleyball team and the Kepez Belediyespor women's volleyball team compete in the Aroma Women's 3rd League.

The Korkuteli Gençlikspor men's volleyball team competes in the Aroma Men's 2nd League, and the Antalya Türk Telekom Spor men's volleyball team in the Aroma Men's 3rd League.

Table tennis

Antalyaspor's women's and men's table tennis teams compete in the Turkish Table Tennis 1st League. Among women's table tennis teams, Antalya Halk Eğitim Spor competes in the Turkish Women's Table Tennis Super League.

Water polo

The Antalyaspor men's water polo team competes in the Turkish Home-and-Away Water Polo 1st League. Antalyaspor returned at the start of summer 2010 to water polo, a sport it had played in the 1970s and 80s. Although its average age was 45, like all newly founded clubs the team started in the open division, and after a 24-year break it took part in the league qualifiers in İzmir, finishing 4th of 18 teams. In 2011 it again took part in the open division, beat all its rivals in turn and finished the league qualifiers in Adana unbeaten as champion, so it was promoted to the Men's Water Polo 2nd League, to which only the champion could go up. The team finished the matches played in the summer months of the 2012 season as champion with only one defeat and succeeded in being promoted from the 2nd League to the Turkish Home-and-Away Water Polo 1st League. However, the Antalyaspor water polo team has no pool for training and water polo matches.

Oil wrestling

At the Kırkpınar Oil Wrestling, the highest competitive level of oil wrestling in Turkey, wrestlers from Antalya have finished in the top three almost every year, especially since Recep Gürbüz won the title of başpehlivan (chief wrestler) in 1988. In 14 of the 25 years from Recep Gürbüz's third place in 1987 to the 2012 tournament, at least one wrestler from Antalya finished in the top three; and in this period 21 wrestlers from Antalya took a place on one of the top three steps of the podium.

Osman Aynur, who won the Kırkpınar Oil Wrestling in 2009, Mehmet Yeşil Yeşil, başpehlivan in 2010, and Ali Gürbüz, who took the golden belt in 2011–2012, returned to Antalya as champions in the four tournaments between 2009 and 2012.

Other sports

The Antalya Provincial Directorate of Youth and Sports organises various amateur sports activities across the province. Various facilities for sports such as athletics, basketball, volleyball, golf, wrestling, football, judo, taekwondo, handball, tennis, archery and swimming exist in the provincial centre.

There are ski facilities at Saklıkent, and various sports halls and facilities in the other districts.